XML DTD验证规则详解与实战应用指南

什么是XML DTD及其重要性

XML DTD（Document Type Definition，文档类型定义）是用于定义XML文档结构的验证机制。作为XML技术体系中的核心组成部分，DTD通过一套严格的规则来约束XML文档的元素、属性、实体和结构关系，确保数据的完整性和一致性。

在现代软件开发中，DTD验证具有以下关键作用：

数据完整性保障：通过预定义的结构规则，防止不完整或格式错误的XML数据进入系统
标准化数据交换：为不同系统间的数据交换提供统一的结构标准
早期错误检测：在数据处理的早期阶段发现结构问题，降低后续处理成本
文档自描述性：使XML文档自带结构说明，提高可读性和可维护性

DTD的基本语法结构

DTD声明方式

DTD可以通过两种方式声明：内部DTD和外部DTD。

内部DTD声明：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE note [ <!ELEMENT note (to, from, heading, body)> <!ELEMENT to (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT from (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT heading (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT body (#PCDATA)> ]> <note> <to>George</to> <from>John</from> <heading>Reminder</heading> <body>Don't forget the meeting!</body> </note>

外部DTD声明：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE note SYSTEM "note.dtd"> <note> <to>George</to> <from>John</from> <heading>Reminder</heading> <body>Don't forget the meeting!</body> </note>

对应的外部DTD文件（note.dtd）内容：

<!ELEMENT note (to, from, heading, body)> <!ELEMENT to (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT from (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT heading (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT body (#PCDATA)>

元素声明详解

基本元素声明语法

元素声明使用<!ELEMENT>标签，定义元素的名称和内容模型。

简单元素类型：

<!ELEMENT title (#PCDATA)> <!-- 只包含文本内容 --> <!ELEMENT image EMPTY> <!-- 空元素 --> <!ELEMENT br EMPTY> <!-- 空元素 -->

混合内容元素：

<!ELEMENT paragraph (#PCDATA | strong | em)*> <!ELEMENT strong (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT em (#PCDATA)>

元素内容模型与修饰符

DTD使用特定的修饰符来定义元素的出现次数和顺序：

修饰符	含义	示例	说明
无修饰符	必须且只出现一次	`(a, b)`	a和b都必须出现，顺序固定
`?`	可选（0次或1次）	`(a?, b)`	a可选，b必须
`+`	至少1次	`(a+, b)`	a至少1次，b必须
`*`	0次或多次	`(a*, b)`	a可选且可重复，b必须

复杂结构示例：

<!ELEMENT book (title, author+, chapter+, bibliography?)> <!ELEMENT title (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT author (name, email?)> <!ELEMENT name (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT email (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT chapter (section*)> <!ELEMENT section (title, (paragraph | list | image)*)> <!ELEMENT paragraph (#PCDATA | strong | em | link)*> <!ELEMENT strong (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT em (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT link (#PCDATA | image)*> <!ELEMENT list (item+)> <!ELEMENT item (#PCDATA | link)*> <!ELEMENT image EMPTY> <!ELEMENT bibliography (reference+)> <!ELEMENT reference (title, author, year, url?)> <!ELEMENT year (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT url (#PCDATA)>

选择与分组

选择运算符 |：

<!ELEMENT content (article | news | blog)> <!ELEMENT figure (image | diagram | chart)>

分组示例：

<!ELEMENT product (name, (price | discount)+, description)> <!ELEMENT price (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT discount (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT description (#PCDATA)>

属性声明详解

属性声明语法

属性声明使用<!ATTLIST>标签，定义元素的属性及其约束。

基本语法：

<!ATTLIST element-name attribute-name attribute-type default-value >

属性类型

类型	说明	示例
`CDATA`	字符数据	`<!ATTLIST img src CDATA #REQUIRED>`
`(value1 \| value2 \| ...)`	枚举值	`<!ATTLIST status type (active \| inactive \| pending) #REQUIRED>`
`ID`	唯一标识符	`<!ATTLIST user id ID #REQUIRED>`
`IDREF`	引用ID	`<!ATTLIST comment author IDREF #REQUIRED>`
`IDREFS`	多个ID引用	`<!ATTLIST group members IDREFS #IMPLIED>`
`NMTOKEN`	名称标记	`<!ATTLIST tag name NMTOKEN #IMPLIED>`
`NMTOKENS`	多个名称标记	`<!ATTLIST keywords list NMTOKENS #IMPLIED>`
`ENTITY`	实体引用	`<!ATTLIST image src ENTITY #REQUIRED>`
`ENTITIES`	多个实体引用	`<!ATTLIST gallery images ENTITIES #IMPLIED>`

默认值约束

约束	说明	示例
`#REQUIRED`	属性必须存在	`<!ATTLIST product id ID #REQUIRED>`
`#IMPLIED`	属性可选	`<!ATTLIST user nickname CDATA #IMPLIED>`
`#FIXED value`	属性固定值	`<!ATTLIST version system CDATA #FIXED "1.0">`
`"default"`	默认值	`<!ATTLIST language code CDATA "en">`

完整属性声明示例

<!ELEMENT user (name, email, role*)> <!ELEMENT name (#PCDATA)> <!ATTLIST name first CDATA #REQUIRED last CDATA #REQUIRED > <!ELEMENT email (#PCDATA)> <!ATTLIST email type (work | personal | other) "personal" verified (true | false) "false" > <!ELEMENT role EMPTY> <!ATTLIST role id ID #REQUIRED name CDATA #REQUIRED permissions IDREFS #IMPLIED active (true | false) "true" > <!ELEMENT permission EMPTY> <!ATTLIST permission id ID #REQUIRED code NMTOKEN #REQUIRED description CDATA #IMPLIED >

实体声明与引用

通用实体

通用实体用于定义可重用的文本或数据片段。

内部实体：

<!ENTITY company "Acme Corporation"> <!ENTITY copyright "© 2024 &company; All Rights Reserved"> <!ENTITY support-email "support@acme.com">

外部实体：

<!ENTITY logo SYSTEM "logo.png" NDATA png> <!ENTITY legal-text SYSTEM "legal.txt">

XML文档中使用实体：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE document [ <!ENTITY company "Acme Corporation"> <!ENTITY copyright "© 2024 &company; All Rights Reserved"> ]> <document> <header> <title>Welcome to &company;</title> <copyright>&copyright;</copyright> </header> <content> <paragraph>For support, contact &support-email;.</paragraph> </content> </document>

参数实体

参数实体只能在DTD内部使用，用于构建可重用的DTD片段。

<!ENTITY % common.attributes "id ID #IMPLIED status (active | inactive) #REQUIRED"> <!ATTLIST product %common.attributes;> <!ATTLIST category %common.attributes;> <!ATTLIST user %common.attributes;> <!ENTITY % content.model "(title, description, (price | discount)*)"> <!ELEMENT product %content.model;>

DTD验证规则详解

元素嵌套规则

规则1：元素必须正确嵌套

<!-- 正确 --> <parent><child>text</child></parent> <!-- 错误 --> <parent><child>text</parent></child>

规则2：元素必须匹配声明顺序

<!ELEMENT book (title, author, content)>

<!-- 正确 --> <book> <title>XML Guide</title> <author>John Doe</author> <content>...</content> </book> <!-- 错误：顺序不匹配 --> <book> <author>John Doe</author> <title>XML Guide</title> <content>...</content> </book>

重复次数规则

规则3：修饰符必须满足声明要求

<!ELEMENT list (item+)> <!ELEMENT container (element*)> <!ELEMENT optional (element?)>

<!-- list 正确 --> <list><item>1</item><item>2</item></list> <!-- list 错误：至少需要一个item --> <list></list> <!-- container 正确 --> <container></container> <container><element>1</element></container> <!-- optional 正确 --> <optional></optional> <optional><element>1</element></optional>

选择规则

规则4：选择元素必须匹配声明

<!ELEMENT content (article | news | blog)>

<!-- 正确 --> <content><article>...</article></content> <content><news>...</news></content> <!-- 错误 --> <content><text>...</text></content> <content><article>...</article><news>...</news></content>

属性验证规则

规则5：ID类型必须唯一

<!ATTLIST user id ID #REQUIRED>

<!-- 正确 --> <user id="u1"></user> <user id="u2"></user> <!-- 错误：ID重复 --> <user id="u1"></user> <user id="u1"></user>

规则6：IDREF必须引用存在的ID

<!ATTLIST comment author IDREF #REQUIRED>

<!-- 正确 --> <user id="u1">...</user> <comment author="u1">...</comment> <!-- 错误：引用不存在的ID --> <comment author="u99">...</comment>

规则7：枚举值必须匹配选项

<!ATTLIST status type (active | inactive | pending) #REQUIRED>

<!-- 正确 --> <status type="active"></status> <!-- 错误 --> <status type="unknown"></status>

实战应用：构建完整的DTD系统

案例1：电子商务产品目录

需求分析：

产品必须有ID、名称、价格
可选：折扣、描述、图片
分类必须有名称和产品列表
产品可以有多个标签

完整DTD实现：

<!ELEMENT catalog (category+)> <!ELEMENT category (name, description?, product+)> <!ATTLIST category id ID #REQUIRED parent IDREF #IMPLIED > <!ELEMENT name (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT description (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT product (name, price, discount?, description?, images?, tags?)> <!ATTLIST product id ID #REQUIRED sku CDATA #REQUIRED status (active | inactive | draft) "active" featured (true | false) "false" > <!ELEMENT price (#PCDATA)> <!ATTLIST price currency (USD | EUR | GBP) "USD" > <!ELEMENT discount (#PCDATA)> <!ATTLIST discount percentage CDATA #REQUIRED expires CDATA #IMPLIED > <!ELEMENT images (image+)> <!ELEMENT image EMPTY> <!ATTLIST image url CDATA #REQUIRED alt CDATA #IMPLIED primary (true | false) "false" > <!ELEMENT tags (tag+)> <!ELEMENT tag (#PCDATA)> <!ATTLIST tag weight (1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5) "3" >

对应的XML文档：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE catalog SYSTEM "catalog.dtd"> <catalog> <category id="cat1"> <name>Electronics</name> <description>Latest electronic gadgets</description> <product id="p1" sku="EL-001" status="active" featured="true"> <name>Smartphone X</name> <price currency="USD">699.99</price> <discount percentage="10" expires="2024-12-31">629.99</discount> <description>High-end smartphone with advanced features</description> <images> <image url="phone1.jpg" alt="Smartphone X" primary="true"/> <image url="phone2.jpg" alt="Smartphone X Back"/> </images> <tags> <tag weight="5">mobile</tag> <tag weight="4">smartphone</tag> <tag weight="3">android</tag> </tags> </product> </category> </catalog>

案例2：博客系统

需求分析：

文章必须有标题、作者、发布日期
内容可以包含段落、图片、引用
可以有多个标签和分类
评论系统与文章关联

完整DTD实现：

<!ELEMENT blog (article+)> <!ELEMENT article (title, author, pubdate, content, categories?, tags?, comments?)> <!ATTLIST article id ID #REQUIRED slug CDATA #REQUIRED status (draft | published | archived) "published" > <!ELEMENT title (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT author (#PCDATA)> <!ATTLIST author email CDATA #REQUIRED url CDATA #IMPLIED > <!ELEMENT pubdate (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT content (paragraph | image | blockquote | code | list)*> <!ELEMENT paragraph (#PCDATA | strong | em | link | code)*> <!ELEMENT strong (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT em (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT link (#PCDATA)> <!ATTLIST link href CDATA #REQUIRED title CDATA #IMPLIED > <!ELEMENT image EMPTY> <!ATTLIST image src CDATA #REQUIRED alt CDATA #REQUIRED width CDATA #IMPLIED height CDATA #IMPLIED > <!ELEMENT blockquote (#PCDATA | p)*> <!ATTLIST blockquote author CDATA #IMPLIED > <!ELEMENT code (#PCDATA)> <!ATTLIST code language (javascript | python | java | xml | sql) #IMPLIED > <!ELEMENT list (item+)> <!ELEMENT item (#PCDATA | link)*> <!ELEMENT categories (category+)> <!ELEMENT category (#PCDATA)> <!ATTLIST category id ID #REQUIRED > <!ELEMENT tags (tag+)> <!ELEMENT tag (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT comments (comment+)> <!ELEMENT comment (author, content, pubdate)> <!ATTLIST comment id ID #REQUIRED parent IDREF #IMPLIED status (approved | pending | spam) "pending" >

对应的XML文档：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE blog SYSTEM "blog.dtd"> <blog> <article id="a1" slug="xml-dtd-guide" status="published"> <title>XML DTD Validation Guide</title> <author email="john@example.com" url="https://example.com">John Doe</author> <pubdate>2024-01-15</pubdate> <content> <paragraph>This guide explains <strong>XML DTD</strong> validation rules.</paragraph> <image src="dtd-diagram.png" alt="DTD Diagram" width="600" height="400"/> <paragraph>For more information, visit <link href="https://w3.org">W3C</link>.</paragraph> <code language="xml">&lt;!ELEMENT note (to, from, heading, body)&gt;</code> <blockquote author="Tim Berners-Lee">The power of the Web is in its universality.</blockquote> <list> <item>Learn DTD syntax</item> <item>Practice with examples</item> <item>Apply in projects</item> </list> </content> <categories> <category id="cat1">XML</category> <category id="cat2">Web Development</category> </categories> <tags> <tag>validation</tag> <tag>schema</tag> <tag>DTD</tag> </tags> <comments> <comment id="c1" status="approved"> <author>Alice</author> <content>Great article! Very helpful.</content> <pubdate>2024-01-16</pubdate> </comment> <comment id="c2" parent="c1" status="approved"> <author>Bob</author> <content>I agree, well explained.</content> <pubdate>2024-01-17</pubdate> </comment> </comments> </article> </blog>

DTD验证的编程实现

使用Python进行DTD验证

from lxml import etree import sys def validate_xml_with_dtd(xml_file, dtd_file): """ 使用lxml库验证XML文档是否符合DTD定义 Args: xml_file: XML文件路径 dtd_file: DTD文件路径 Returns: bool: 验证结果 list: 错误信息列表 """ try: # 1. 加载DTD dtd = etree.DTD(dtd_file) # 2. 解析XML文档 xml_doc = etree.parse(xml_file) # 3. 执行验证 is_valid = dtd.validate(xml_doc) # 4. 收集错误信息 errors = [] for error in dtd.error_log: errors.append({ 'message': error.message, 'line': error.line, 'column': error.column, 'path': error.path }) return is_valid, errors except Exception as e: return False, [str(e)] # 使用示例 if __name__ == "__main__": xml_file = "catalog.xml" dtd_file = "catalog.dtd" valid, errors = validate_xml_with_dtd(xml_file, dtd_file) if valid: print("✓ XML文档验证通过！") else: print("✗ XML文档验证失败！") print("n错误详情：") for error in errors: print(f" 行 {error['line']}, 列 {error['column']}: {error['message']}") if error['path']: print(f" 路径: {error['path']}")

使用Java进行DTD验证

import javax.xml.XMLConstants; import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilder; import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory; import javax.xml.transform.stream.StreamSource; import javax.xml.validation.Schema; import javax.xml.validation.SchemaFactory; import javax.xml.validation.Validator; import org.xml.sax.ErrorHandler; import org.xml.sax.SAXException; import org.xml.sax.SAXParseException; import java.io.File; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; public class DTDValidator { public static class ValidationError { public int line; public int column; public String message; public String severity; // ERROR, WARNING public ValidationError(int line, int column, String message, String severity) { this.line = line; this.column = column; this.message = message; this.severity = severity; } @Override public String toString() { return String.format("%s at line %d, column %d: %s", severity, line, column, message); } } public static List<ValidationError> validateWithDTD(String xmlFilePath, String dtdFilePath) { List<ValidationError> errors = new ArrayList<>(); try { // 创建DocumentBuilderFactory并启用DTD验证 DocumentBuilderFactory factory = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance(); factory.setValidating(true); // 启用验证 // 设置DTD位置 System.setProperty("javax.xml.validation.SchemaFactory:http://java.sun.com/xml/jaxp/properties/schemaSource", dtdFilePath); DocumentBuilder builder = factory.newDocumentBuilder(); // 设置错误处理器 builder.setErrorHandler(new ErrorHandler() { @Override public void warning(SAXParseException exception) throws SAXException { errors.add(new ValidationError( exception.getLineNumber(), exception.getColumnNumber(), exception.getMessage(), "WARNING" )); } @Override public void error(SAXParseException exception) throws SAXException { errors.add(new ValidationError( exception.getLineNumber(), exception.getColumnNumber(), exception.getMessage(), "ERROR" )); } @Override public void fatalError(SAXParseException exception) throws SAXException { errors.add(new ValidationError( exception.getLineNumber(), exception.getColumnNumber(), exception.getMessage(), "FATAL" )); } }); // 解析XML文件（触发验证） builder.parse(new File(xmlFilePath)); } catch (Exception e) { errors.add(new ValidationError(0, 0, e.getMessage(), "FATAL")); } return errors; } public static void main(String[] args) { String xmlFile = "catalog.xml"; String dtdFile = "catalog.dtd"; List<ValidationError> errors = validateWithDTD(xmlFile, dtdFile); if (errors.isEmpty()) { System.out.println("✓ XML文档验证通过！"); } else { System.out.println("✗ XML文档验证失败！"); System.out.println("n错误详情："); for (ValidationError error : errors) { System.out.println(" " + error); } } } }

使用JavaScript/Node.js进行DTD验证

const { DOMParser } = require('xmldom'); const fs = require('fs'); class DTDValidator { /** * 验证XML文档是否符合DTD * @param {string} xmlContent - XML内容 * @param {string} dtdContent - DTD内容 * @returns {Object} 验证结果 */ static validate(xmlContent, dtdContent) { const errors = []; try { // 创建DOM解析器 const parser = new DOMParser({ errorHandler: { warning: (msg) => { errors.push({ type: 'WARNING', message: msg }); }, error: (msg) => { errors.push({ type: 'ERROR', message: msg }); }, fatalError: (msg) => { errors.push({ type: 'FATAL', message: msg }); } } }); // 解析XML（包含DTD验证） const doc = parser.parseFromString(xmlContent, 'text/xml'); // 检查解析错误 const parseError = doc.getElementsByTagName('parsererror')[0]; if (parseError) { errors.push({ type: 'FATAL', message: parseError.textContent || 'Parse error occurred' }); } return { valid: errors.length === 0, errors: errors }; } catch (error) { return { valid: false, errors: [{ type: 'FATAL', message: error.message }] }; } } /** * 从文件验证 * @param {string} xmlPath - XML文件路径 * @param {string} dtdPath - DTD文件路径 * @returns {Promise<Object>} */ static async validateFromFile(xmlPath, dtdPath) { try { const xmlContent = fs.readFileSync(xmlPath, 'utf8'); const dtdContent = fs.readFileSync(dtdPath, 'utf8'); // 将DTD内容嵌入到XML中 const xmlWithDTD = xmlContent.replace( /<!DOCTYPE[^>]*>/, `<!DOCTYPE root [n${dtdContent}n]>` ); return this.validate(xmlWithDTD, dtdContent); } catch (error) { return { valid: false, errors: [{ type: 'FATAL', message: error.message }] }; } } } // 使用示例 async function main() { const result = await DTDValidator.validateFromFile('catalog.xml', 'catalog.dtd'); if (result.valid) { console.log('✓ XML文档验证通过！'); } else { console.log('✗ XML文档验证失败！'); console.log('n错误详情：'); result.errors.forEach(error => { console.log(` [${error.type}] ${error.message}`); }); } } main();

DTD vs XML Schema vs Relax NG

三种验证技术对比

特性	DTD	XML Schema	Relax NG
语法	非XML语法	XML语法	XML或非XML语法
数据类型	有限（CDATA, ID等）	丰富（string, integer, date等）	中等
命名空间支持	不支持	完全支持	完全支持
复杂度	简单	复杂	简单
学习曲线	平缓	陡峭	平缓
验证能力	基础	强大	强大
性能	快	较慢	快
工具支持	广泛	广泛	有限

选择建议

使用DTD的场景：

简单的配置文件
遗留系统集成
需要快速原型开发
对性能要求极高
不需要复杂数据类型验证

使用XML Schema的场景：

企业级数据交换
需要严格数据类型验证
复杂的业务规则
需要命名空间支持
现代Web服务（SOAP, WSDL）

使用Relax NG的场景：

需要简洁的语法
需要命名空间支持但不想用XML Schema
需要混合验证模式
学术研究或特定领域

常见问题与解决方案

问题1：ID类型冲突

错误现象：

Attribute 'id' value 'user1' is not unique

解决方案：

<!-- 确保所有ID属性值唯一 --> <!ATTLIST user id ID #REQUIRED> <!ATTLIST product id ID #REQUIRED>

<!-- 正确：不同元素类型可以使用相同ID值 --> <user id="1">...</user> <product id="1">...</product> <!-- 错误：同一类型ID重复 --> <user id="1">...</user> <user id="1">...</user>

问题2：IDREF引用不存在

错误现象：

Attribute 'author' value 'u99' does not reference an existing ID

解决方案：

<!-- 确保引用的ID存在 --> <!ATTLIST comment author IDREF #REQUIRED>

<!-- 正确 --> <user id="u1">...</user> <comment author="u1">...</comment> <!-- 错误 --> <comment author="u99">...</comment> <!-- u99不存在 -->

问题3：元素出现次数不符合要求

错误现象：

Element 'item' must occur at least once

解决方案：

<!-- 检查元素声明中的修饰符 --> <!ELEMENT list (item+)> <!-- 至少一个 --> <!ELEMENT container (element*)> <!-- 0个或多个 --> <!ELEMENT optional (element?)> <!-- 0个或1个 -->

问题4：外部DTD路径错误

错误现象：

Cannot read external DTD: catalog.dtd

解决方案：

<!-- 使用绝对路径或确保相对路径正确 --> <!DOCTYPE catalog SYSTEM "/path/to/catalog.dtd"> <!-- 或 --> <!DOCTYPE catalog SYSTEM "catalog.dtd">

# 在程序中设置正确的基础路径 import os dtd_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'catalog.dtd')

最佳实践

1. DTD设计原则

保持简洁：

<!-- 好：简洁明了 --> <!ELEMENT product (name, price)> <!-- 避免：过于复杂 --> <!ELEMENT product (name, price, discount?, description?, images?, tags?, reviews?, specs?, ...)>

使用参数实体提高复用性：

<!ENTITY % common.attrs "id ID #REQUIRED status CDATA #IMPLIED"> <!ATTLIST product %common.attrs;> <!ATTLIST category %common.attrs;>

文档化：

<!-- 产品元素定义 - id: 唯一标识符 (必需) - status: 产品状态 (可选, 默认active) - featured: 是否推荐 (可选, 默认false) --> <!ELEMENT product (name, price, description?)> <!ATTLIST product id ID #REQUIRED status (active | inactive | draft) "active" featured (true | false) "false" >

2. XML文档编写规范

使用一致的缩进：

<catalog> <category id="cat1"> <name>Electronics</name> <product id="p1"> <name>Smartphone</name> <price>699.99</price> </product> </category> </catalog>

避免使用特殊字符：

<!-- 避免 --> <description>Price: $50 & shipping included</description> <!-- 使用实体 --> <description>Price: $50 &amp; shipping included</description>

3. 验证流程自动化

# 自动化验证脚本 import os import sys from lxml import etree def batch_validate(xml_dir, dtd_path): """批量验证目录中的所有XML文件""" results = [] for filename in os.listdir(xml_dir): if filename.endswith('.xml'): xml_path = os.path.join(xml_dir, filename) valid, errors = validate_xml_with_dtd(xml_path, dtd_path) results.append({ 'file': filename, 'valid': valid, 'errors': errors }) return results # 生成验证报告 def generate_report(results): print("验证报告") print("=" * 50) total = len(results) valid = sum(1 for r in results if r['valid']) print(f"总计: {total}") print(f"通过: {valid}") print(f"失败: {total - valid}") for result in results: if not result['valid']: print(f"n文件: {result['file']}") for error in result['errors']: print(f" - {error['message']} (行 {error['line']})")